
1. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors I and II: peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid, and gene structures. *Endocr Rev*. 1989;10(1):68–91. doi:10.1210/edrv-10-1-68
2. Francis GL, et al. Insulin-like growth factor DES (1-3): enhanced biological activity in vitro. *Biochem Biophys Res Commun*. 1988;151(2):478–485. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(88)90642-4
3. Ballard FJ, Francis GL, et al. IGF-1 DES is more potent than IGF-1 in stimulating DNA synthesis in fibroblasts. *Biochem J*. 1996;313(Pt 3):843–848. doi:10.1042/bj3130843
4. Froesch ER, Zapf J. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins. *Annu Rev Physiol*. 1985;47:443–467. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.002303
5. Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins: biological actions. *Endocr Rev*. 1995;16(1):3–34. doi:10.1210/edrv-16-1-3
6. Adams GR, Haddad F. The relationships among IGF-1, growth hormone, and muscle adaptation. *Exerc Sport Sci Rev*. 1996;24:31–60. doi:10.1249/00003677-199600240-00004
7. Spagnoli A, et al. IGF-1 and IGF-1 DES effects on cartilage and bone cells. *Endocrinology*. 2001;142(9):4046–4055. doi:10.1210/endo.142.9.8371
8. Ewton DZ, Florini JR. IGF-1 DES stimulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation. *Am J Physiol*. 1990;259(1 Pt 1):C1–C7. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1990.259.1.C1
9. Baserga R. The biology of IGF-1 and its role in cell growth. *Int J Cancer*. 1999;80(6):802–806. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990315)80:6<802::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-L
10. LeRoith D, et al. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. *Ann Intern Med*. 1995;122(8):576–582. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00009
2. Francis GL, et al. Insulin-like growth factor DES (1-3): enhanced biological activity in vitro. *Biochem Biophys Res Commun*. 1988;151(2):478–485. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(88)90642-4
3. Ballard FJ, Francis GL, et al. IGF-1 DES is more potent than IGF-1 in stimulating DNA synthesis in fibroblasts. *Biochem J*. 1996;313(Pt 3):843–848. doi:10.1042/bj3130843
4. Froesch ER, Zapf J. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins. *Annu Rev Physiol*. 1985;47:443–467. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.002303
5. Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and binding proteins: biological actions. *Endocr Rev*. 1995;16(1):3–34. doi:10.1210/edrv-16-1-3
6. Adams GR, Haddad F. The relationships among IGF-1, growth hormone, and muscle adaptation. *Exerc Sport Sci Rev*. 1996;24:31–60. doi:10.1249/00003677-199600240-00004
7. Spagnoli A, et al. IGF-1 and IGF-1 DES effects on cartilage and bone cells. *Endocrinology*. 2001;142(9):4046–4055. doi:10.1210/endo.142.9.8371
8. Ewton DZ, Florini JR. IGF-1 DES stimulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation. *Am J Physiol*. 1990;259(1 Pt 1):C1–C7. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1990.259.1.C1
9. Baserga R. The biology of IGF-1 and its role in cell growth. *Int J Cancer*. 1999;80(6):802–806. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990315)80:6<802::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-L
10. LeRoith D, et al. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. *Ann Intern Med*. 1995;122(8):576–582. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00009